Baccanal by Franz von StuckFor millennia, philosophers and scientists have sought
truths of universal value. Yet, it is quite curious that there are countless
definitions of what this highly coveted "lady" might be indeed. Do so
many people seek her without truly knowing what truth is? Despite this,
everyone seems to agree that truths do exist. And all indications suggest
that—at least in this plural sense—no one would dare deny it. Is the idea
of truth merely an instrumental
concept tool for dealing with the world and constructing theories that are
likewise instrumental?
The
issue becomes truly complex when two or more alleged truths clash. What grounds
are the attribution of truth to a statement regarding any fact, hypothesis, or
theory? And how, from a moral and ethical standpoint, do we distinguish truth
from a lie? Kant arguably made his most egregious error in this regard by
asserting that a human being should never choose to lie—that doing so is always
reprehensible. Yet, it is easy to imagine a situation that exposes the nonsense
of this view: a revolutionary is hiding in your home during a bloody
dictatorship. The political police arrive and ask, "Is [so-and-so] hiding
in this house?" Telling the truth would mean handing the fugitive over to
his likely killers and colluding with the dictators' illegitimate power—acts
that are ethically abhorrent.
This
example also makes it clear that power, legitimacy, ethics, and truth are
inextricably intertwined.
Nietzsche
dismantled the notion that truth can be pure and independent of any human
perspective. In other words, he ruled out the existence of any absolute truth,
arguing that all truths are subordinate to interests that are never
explicit—often concealed or even unconscious to those who utter them. The
point, then, is not to deny the existence of truths, but to highlight that they
stem from perspectives and entail specific relations of social and political
power. In short, truths are always relative. In everyday life, we frequently
encounter situations—whether familial, social, or politically --involving
conflicts between competing "truths." Proponents of a given opinion
argue their case by invoking logic, coherence, ethical or religious principles,
or even scientific theories to substantiate their choice of what they proclaim
to be *the* truth.
It
is evident just how significant a part these debates play in our lives. It is
also noteworthy how heavily passions interfere in them, usually prevailing over
the supposedly rational elements of the argument.
The
notion of the "arbiter of truth" is surely well known—that peculiar
figure who never listens to what others say, especially when their own
established "truth" (or that of their group) is called into question.
No matter the evidence to the contrary, their opinion remains fixed—impregnable
and immune to any possible refutation. Typically, they turn up their noses and
turn their backs on dissenters. They recall the proverbial "blind man who
refuses to see."
It
is disheartening to observe how common this attitude is among politicians of
all stripes.
Yet,
it is not only in ideological, political, or religious matters that individuals
who deem themselves the sole owners of truth emerge; such figures appear
frequently among great scientists as well. Freud policed disciples who dared question his dogmas; Einstein
insisted that God should not play dice... All signs point to this being an
inherent weakness of *Homo sapiens*. Is this a cause for sadness? Or should we
embrace *amor fati* and build something greater, acknowledging this limitation
of ours?
No,
there is no need to lament human smallness! *Amor Fati*. It is simply what we
have: we are human beings—all too human.
I
do not know if truth possesses any sort of essence that remains invariant over
time. A few days ago, an analogy occurred to me involving a certain human
archetype—one embodied countless times by historical figures, yet one that can
be found everywhere. The figure of Messalina is frequently discussed in the
history of Rome. She married Emperor Claudius at the age of fourteen; he was
her uncle and was already forty-eight at the time of their union. There is no
neutral source revealing the impact this age gap had on the nature of their
relationship. What is known is that the young woman never limited her sexual
encounters to her husband alone. Nor did he reproach her for this; one might
even imagine he enjoyed the overflow of erotic passion from his beautiful,
young, and fiery wife—passion fueled by the freedom to take whomever she
pleased, whenever she pleased.
Messalina
hosted public orgies in Rome's squares; in one instance, she challenged another
beautiful young woman to a contest to see who could have full sexual
intercourse (culminating in orgasm) with the greatest number of men in a single
afternoon. The empress won the contest with twenty-five solid fucks!
Such
is the nature of truth: like Messalina—a woman of extreme wantonness—it can
never be owned,